Standards For Financial Decision Making - 926 Words

Abstract. The article reviewed was Standards for Financial Decision-Making: Legal, Ethical, and Practical Issues. The key of the abstract is to emphasize the existence of standards and statutory mechanisms for financial decision-making. The article is based on standards of the National Guardianship Association (NGA) (p. 1275). Introduction. The authors study the meaning of term â€Å"standard†. Some dictionaries determine the term â€Å"standard† as a model of acceptance, others – as a measuring criterion. If entities do not operate under the established standards, they face with sanctions for ethical violations and professional negligence. The authors analyzes principles and guidance of NGA standards, and frequent mistakes when making financial decisions. The main objective of the study is to analyze conflicting issues of financial decision-making, guardianship problems, and adoption of NGA standards (pp. 1275- 1276). The study is important because it demonstrates practical approaches of applying standards to the common financial decisions. The authors consider two problems: the impact of fiduciary duties on decision-making standards, and the acceptance of model behavior by guardians of business. Literature Review. The authors use a systematic review of literature in the research. The literature review is categorized into three parts: general principles of decision-making, the role of guardian and conservator in decision-making, the relationships between fiduciary duties andShow MoreRelatedRules Based Accounting Standards And The Decision Making For Accountants Facing Financial Statements Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems or make decisions. In addition, high quality accountants must follow a set of guiding principles for preparing financial reports during their careers. Therefore, numerous principles and rules are significant when it comes to accounting. The External Reporting Board (XRB) which called the New Zealand Conceptual Framework (CF) provides the basic principles. Comparing to CF, the rules-based accounting standards includes more detailed rules. Furthermore, the principle-based standards which basedRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper833 Words   |  4 Pages HCS 405 Health Care Financial Accounting Abstract There are many reasons as to why reporting practices and ethical standards are of the upmost importance in healthcare and in any business. The types of generally accepted accounting principles; to the corporate compliance, ethics, fraud, and abuse are all important factors to be considered in order to maintain a successful business. The four elements of financial management are often used to prevent fraud and embezzlementRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper996 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial management is very crucial in today’s health care financial procedures. It is one the most important aspects of the financial health care. There are many assessments made- based the financial records and the business transactions that occur within the health care organization. It is crucial the financial records are kept up- to -date and they follow specific guidelines. The books kept up- to- date and in order, this will show the amount of money being brought into the organization for profitRead MoreShould the Fasb Consider Economic Consequences in Standard Setting1542 Words   |  7 PagesFASB should consider economic consequences in the standard setting process; â€Å"The Board cannot cease to be concerned about the cost-effectiveness of its standards. To do so would be a dereliction of its duty and a disservice to its constituents†. (SFAC No.2 P. 144) FASB member Victor H. Brown identified the economic costs to consider: â€Å"The costs of introducing a new standard, of course, include the out of pocket costs of converting to the new standard, the costs of processing and reporting the informationRead MoreEvaluation And Disclosure Of Information Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagesthe financial statements, the accompanying notes and accounting policies of MFT Ltd for the year 2014. This essay will pay specific interest to the application of the conceptual framework of accounting to the relevant Accounting Standards (NZ IAS 1, NZ IAS 7, NZ IAS 8 and NZ IAS 10). The report will comment on why it is essential to regulate external financial reporting by Mainfreight. The second part will discuss the role of conceptual framework to accounting standards in external financial reportingRead MoreInternational Accounting Standard Board ( Iasb )1454 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Accounting Standard Board (IASB) is a professional body that develops and approves International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS s). The IASB is known as an independent and a private sector organizational. IASB was formed to replace the International Accounting Standard Committee. The IASB organization is responsible for all technical matters of the IFRS Foundation that includes ‘full discretion in developing and pursuing its technical agenda, subject to certain consultation requirementsRead MoreHcs 4051142 Words   |  5 Pagesoperation is that of financial management. Financial management of health care organizations incorporates ethical standards and proper reporting practices. Financial practices and ethical finance concerns are important to the success of any organization, particularly within the health care industry. The four elements of financial management, generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP), and general financial ethics standards are part of ensuring fair and accurate financial reporting from healthRead MoreAcc 11410 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze and interpret financial informatio n, prepare financial statements, conduct audits, design accounting systems, prepare special business and financial studies, prepare forecasts and budgets, and provide tax services. Double-entry bookkeeping records the economic activities of a business. Accounting includes bookkeeping but duties are far greater than it. What types of information are critical to the performance of the accounting function in an organization? All reliable financial information fromRead MoreConceptual Framework1208 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This essay protrudes the objective of general purpose financial reporting (GPFR) as edged in the conceptual framework. The essay instigated with a brief history and development of conceptual framework which comprises Statement of Accounting Concepts. Apart from that, the essay also clarifies on how the financial information is essential for the users as stated in the SAC 2, for decision making purposes. Additionally, an illustration of the relationship between the SACs and how they areRead MoreEssay about Financial Management of Health Care Organizations1320 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS Financial management of health care organizations Name: College: Date: Introduction Healthcare managers participate in various important roles that allow them to form and maintain flourishing organizations. Managers ought to be aware of the decisive elements of management and the generally accepted accounting principles. At the same time, they must realize, stick to, and put into effect the general financial ethical standards

Song Of Solomon 2 4 - 1266 Words

This verse in Song of Solomon 2:4, sounds like a piece of entry made in a diary about the romantic love shared by two people. We are about to unfold a mystery hidden in the Love Diary of God – The Bible, as we try to get answers to the question of â€Å"who are these people and when did it happen?† This verse talks about a young peasant vineyard keeper known as â€Å"the Shulamite† (Song of Solomon 6:13) who was telling her friends how she is dearly loved by the wisest and richest king of his time – King Solomon among the many wives he had. This wealthy king had hundreds of wives and concubines of nobility, royal status, beauty and charm from different nations. But many of his marriages were political arrangements to seal treaties with other†¦show more content†¦Everyone accorded the wife the due honor and respect for the sake of the King. The romantic love relationship which was intended to last for ages went on for few years but soon was over. A pparently one of the King`s former captains (satan), a rebel and fugitive who had been banished from the palace deceived the wife by telling her lies about the King because of hatred. Jealous of the romantic love of the King for His wife, the rebel succeeded to destroy the marriage by using the wife against the King. The wife oblivious of the dangers ahead followed the rebel to his small village far from the palace. On reaching the village where the rebel is the local champion, started maltreating the wife of the King and made her a captive. As a captive the wife had no choice but to play along with the demands of the rebel. The King despite the hurt still loved the wife so much that the people in His kingdom could not even understand. He sent an envoy with supplies for her and to tell her how much He loves her, has forgiven her and that she can return to the palace through an escape route on a map. The map (the law) contains laid down instructions and sophisticated road network w hich leads to the palace. With the map in hand the wife attempted escapes which in most cases became futile. Messengers were sent to assist the wife to escape but most of them were captured as well and murdered. One day, she told one of the inmates how the King`s love for her is unwavering andShow MoreRelated King Solomon Essays1675 Words   |  7 PagesKing Solomon King Solomon ruled all of Israel in an outstanding way from 977 to 937 BCE (12). Despite his wealth and power, Solomon is known to history for his wisdom and as the builder of the Temple of Jerusalem. He has been credited with authoring all or parts of three books of the Bible (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon). King Solomon was the ruler of ancient Israel who reigned from 961-922 BC (8). He is the son of David and Bathsheba. Solomon succeeded his father as king andRead MoreKing Solomon1742 Words   |  7 PagesKing Solomon ruled all of Israel in an outstanding way from 977 to 937 BCE (12). Despite his wealth and power, Solomon is known to history for his wisdom and as the builder of the Temple of Jerusalem. He has been credited with authoring all or parts of three books of the Bible (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon). King Solomon was the ruler of ancient Israel who reigned from 961-922 BC (8). He is the son of David and Bathsheba. Solomon succeeded his father as king and his territoryRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Solomon 925 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"SOLOMON† Solomon wrote â€Å"I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon. Look not upon me, because I am black, because the sun hath looked upon me: my mother’s children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards, but mine own vineyard have I not kept. I have compared thee, O my love, to a company of horses in Pharaoh’s chariots† (Song of Solomon 1:5-6, 9). Solomon was the son of Bathsheba, who was the granddaughter of AhithophelRead MoreContemporary Perspectives On Human Sexuality Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages anxiety, or pain† that is made for married couples. Genesis refers to the authenticity of having a partner (Rosenau, 2003, p. 4). God believed that man should not be left alone in Genesis 2:18-24. God intended to give man a partner, called woman. The kinship between husband and wife, as mentioned in Genesis, overrides the obligations and duty to one’s parents. Genesis 2:24 states that when a man leaves his parents to take his wife, they shall become one flesh; they are in a union with each otherRead MoreContemporary Perspectives On Human Sexuality Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pages anxiety, or pain† that is made for married couples. Genesis refers to the authenticity of having a partner (Rosenau, 2003, p. 4). God believed that man should not be left alone in Genesis 2:18-24. God intended to give man a partner, called woman. The kinship between husband and wife, as mentioned in Genesis, overrides the obligations and duty to one’s parents. Genesis 2:24 states that when a man leaves his parents to take his wife, they shall become one flesh; they are in a union with each otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Song Of Solomon1271 Words   |  6 Pages Emely Gonzalez Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison AP Literature - Period 3 Topic #3 Gonzalez- Page 1 3. Excluding Milkman, discuss the various attitudes on race from the perspectives of three other male characters in the novel. Americans have become accustomed to the repercussions of racism. It has diffused into areas that seemed unreachable; it has become institutionalized. Our predecessors lived the severity, and while we are residing in the realm of institutionalized racism, ourRead MoreSong Of Solomon By Toni Morrison1364 Words   |  6 PagesReyes Luna 1 Song of Solomon Toni Morrison L.A.P. Topic #2 Bairon Reyes Luna Mr. Amoroso Pd. 3 A.P. Literature 10/05/17 Reyes Luna 2 The freedom that awaits in the breezes of the air lures the appetent soul. It propels many to leap despite the uncertainty of having wings, hopeful that the gusts of wind would suffice and carry the weight of their lives. An infatuation with the wonders of flight as a form of escape, is frequently juxtaposed with the desire to fight, choosing confrontation by remainingRead MoreGrandson Of Moses And His Black Afri1720 Words   |  7 PagesManas-seh, whose mother Asenath was the Black African Egyptian wife of Joseph (see entry for â€Å"Asenath†), Shechem became the patriarch of the Shechemites (not to be confused with the Canaanites who inhabited the land of Shechem). (Nu 26:28, 30, 31; Jos 17:2) SHELEMIAH: As the son of Cushi (who was a Black Afri-can Cushite or Ethiopian), Shelemiah was inescapably of close African heritage. Such is also the case with his son Nethaniah, and his grandson Jehudi. (Jr 36:14) Apparently, like Cushi, ShelemiahRead MoreThe On The Song s Development Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagespoetic and rhetorical aspects of the Song s rooted from the oral tradition. Greek manuscripts provide special formatting for the Song such that verse lines are â€Å"graphically displayed.† Masoretic codices provide extensive notes for accentuations and cantillation for the Song. Although, Masoretic manuscripts do not provide graphic layout of the verse line for the Song, Septuagint manuscripts such as the Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, among others arrange the Song per cola et commata, such that theRead MoreEssay On Song Of Solomon1213 Words   |  5 Pages Topic 1 SONG OF SOLOMON PERIOD 1 |Ap Literature Nancy Guevara â€Æ' Growing up is a journey, to be specific it s a journey in a maze. We go around in different directions in hopes to find out who we indeed are. Left to right in every direction we run into things that change our mindset and by the end of the maze, we are entirely different people. Most mazes have doors; open one door new beginning, shut another end of that chapter. Specific events in life alter our young minds, and we tend to grow

Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt Free Essays

Prompt: Analyze changes and continuities in long-distance migrations in the period from 1700 to 1900. Be sure to include specific examples from at least TWO different world regions. The first migrations to the Americans were by cattle. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt or any similar topic only for you Order Now The North had more slaves than the South. The South had a successful slave revolt. Trains in Russia caused the serfs to run faster. Teepees were mobile homes for Indians. Bantus migrated to California for the movie industry. Main technology that remained the same in migrations was shoes. Butterfly migration Chinese migrated to escape the weather. Migration is when a group of girls go to the bathroom together. There is no significant evidence and analysis of immigration to Antarctica. Think about it. Would you rather ride a camel or walk on hot sand? Land migration took longer because animals had to have restroom breaks. The Bantus always had nourishment and body parts to use for economic reasons. Stalin also put outrageous quotas on goods and if the quotas weren’t met, he cut off the limbs of your child. People came to America by cattle. Bantus migrated to Hawaii, where they brought new products. Adventures of penguins migrating from Antarctica. European pheasants migrated to America Ancient Egyptians migrated to South Africa every summer. When a Chinese person arrives in Egypt, the Chinese norms will be adopted by the Egyptians. When the invention of the train exploded, people were spread all over the world. The Vikings were Jewish. They became Christian when they invaded Europe. Australia was a pit stop for traders. If it wasn’t for the slave trade, President Obama wouldn’t exist and without expansion, Hawaii wouldn’t be a state, so Obama couldn’t be President. What’s so special about 1700 to 1900? Nothing. This should be enough. The Amish converted to Muslim and had to leave Amish territory. Jews would run from Germany to America. The Jews who came included Isaac Newton, who helped the U. S. invent the atomic bomb. Some things remain the same when it comes to migration. The Himalayas were located in India and still are. A problem with long-distance migration was in the space from Arica to America had water and other interruptions. Coastal regions were located near water. Sea migration was faster because you could just float. Bantus migrated to escape forced conversion to Islam and were introduced to Communism, bringing bananas. I hope you liked this break from the boring crap you usually read. Slaves were shipped to American through the Bermuda Triangle. The Bible migrated a lot. Peasants were treated like pets. The Mongols were like a hockey team, going from place to place to annihilate. Zombies will always migrate in search of brains. Trains were s low. Sometimes you could outrun them. Man y came to North America for job opportunities like trapping the French. The Bantus migrated to America in the 1800s. It took three years. There are no records of this. Birds migrate south for the winter and have been doing so for a long time. When slaves ran away, they often didn’t make it back to Africa. If people migrated through the Arctic, they would be cold. Romans migrated to Southern Connecticut but found life there to be difficult. People are bipolar so they move. Slaves caught the Underground Railroad. How to cite Slavery and Successful Slave Revolt, Papers

Healthcare Essay Example For Students

Healthcare Essay In todays fast-paced world where technology rules, the medical profession isalso advancing. In 1991, 2,900 liver transplants were performed in the UnitedStates while there were 30,000 canidates for the procedure in the United Statesalone (Heffron, T. G., 1993). Due to shortages of available organs fordonation/transplantation, specifically livers, once again science has come tothe rescue. Although the procedure is fairly new in the United States, theconcept of living organ donation is fast growing. Living related livertransplantion was first proposed as a theoretical entity in 1969 but it was notuntil almost twenty years later that the procedure became a clinical reality (Heffron,T. G., 1993). Living related liver transplants have mainly been performed in theUnited States and Japan until recently. In 1991 Europe began trying to institutethe procedure. The first transplant of this type took place in 1989 (Broelsch,C. E., Burdelski, M., Rogiers, X., Gundlach, M., Knoefel, W. T., Langwie ler, T.,Fischer, L., Latta, A., Hellwege, H., Schulte, F., Schmiegel, W., Sterneck, M.,Greten, H., Kuechler, T., Krupski, G., Loeliger, D., Kuehnl, P., Pothmann, W.,; Schulte Am Esch, J., 1994). This concept still has many areas that havenot yet been explored in depth and there are sensitive issues involved that needto be addressed. Live organ donation came about as a means to solve the problemof the absence of a donor. Many people die every year while waiting for a donororgan and many others suffer because of complications linked to finding asuitable donor. Before live organ donation most available organs wereharvested/transplanted from cadavers. This procedure has problems of its own. Complications include(a) suitable match, (b) legalities, (c) family not wantingto donate organs, and (d) time. With live organ donation a suitable match shouldbe easier to obtain and time should be able to be controlled to some extent. With live organ donor transplantation, the organ-damaging hemodynamicinstabiility associated with the death of the donor is avoided, and thecoordinated scheduling of operations in the donor and recipient holds ex vivoorgan ischemia to a minimum (Singer, P. A., Siegler, M., Whitington, P. F., Lantos, J. D., Emond, J. C., Thistlethwaite, J. R., ; Broelsch, C. E.,1989, p. 620). Prior to receiving a donor organ, recipients may be experiencinga variety of signs and symptoms related to their disease process. These caninclude(a) jaundice, (b) ascites, (c) GI bleed, (d) ECG changes, (e) malaise,(f) encephalopathy, (g) body image changes, and (h) fluid and electrolyteimbalances. Disease process is specific to the individual. Once the need fortransplant has been established the search for a donor can begin. There are amultitude of steps involved in the procedure. Some of these include(a)evaluation to determine the need for transplant, (b) search for a suitable donorwho is willing to donate, (c) evaluation of the donor, (d) obtaining the properconsent, and (e) mapping out the plan of care for both donor and recipient. Dueto legalities and ethical conflicts, the acceptance of live organ donortransplantation is questionable. Those families and volunteer participants mustmeet seve ral criteria in order to be considered for a live liver donor. Oncesomeone decides that they want to be a donor they must first under go a medicaland psychiatric evaluation. The medical portion of the evaluation includes(a)compatible blood type, (b) no history of liver disease, (c) normal results ofliver function tests, (d) appropriate size of left liver lobe on CT scan, (e) novascular anomalies on hepatic arteriography, and (f) low operative risk. Thepsychiatric portion of the evaluation must find that the donor is at low riskfor psychological decompensation and involves obtaining informed consent. Donors consent can be influenced by three areas, these include(a) internalpressure, (b) external pressure, and (c) urgency of medical situation. Allinstitutions have their own individual protocols for obtaining consent but manydo require a wait period between consent and procedure. This provides the donorwith time to change their decision, and after all these areas have beenaddressed the donor and recipient are prepared for surgery. The procedureinvolves donation of the left lateral lobe, which is the safest anatomicalresection (Jones, J., Payne, W. D., Matas, A. J., 1993). The surgeries areperformed simultaneously and may take several hours depending upon theexperience of the transplant team and the possibility of complications. Commoncomplications include(a) arterial thrombosis, (b) bile leaks, (c) infection, and(d) stricture at the biliary enteric anastomosis (Wise, B. V., 1994). During thepost-operative stage all normal nursing duties apply but there are also specificthings that nurses need to be aware of and look for. Because of the location ofthe liver some patients may experience some degree of pulmonary compromisepost-operatively. Liver function needs to be monitored by assessing lab results,liver enzymes, bilirubin, and bile production. All drains should be assessed forquantity and color. Fluid volume status and intake and output also need to becarefully monitored. PT/PTT coagulation factors are also a sensitive indicatorof graft function and can be expected to normalize in the first few days aftertransplant (Wise, B. V., 1994). The transplanted segment of the liver willregenerate to a standard liver volume, regardless of size at transplantation,within four to six months following the procedure. Normal liver enzymes havebeen documented within six weeks of the procedure (Wise, B. V., 1994). Organdonation alone is an area where the nurse plays an important role but with theadvances of living organ donation the role has expanded and many nurses are notpr epared to play the part. When comparing living donor organ transplantation tothe age old means of organ harvesting/transplantation from cadavers, thedifferences are many. Cadaver organs are usually shipped out , this meant thatthere was one nurse and support system with the grieving family while there wasanother nurse and support system with the recipient and family. The role is farfrom being black and white and now with living organ donors it weaves an evengreater web. Now the nurse is dealing with a patient who may be facing eminentdeath without a transplant, a concerned family who may be experiencinganticipatory grieving stages and a living organ donor who may or may not berelated who also faces possible complications and maybe even death. Then add inall the legalities and rules and you have one big mess. Support systems will bea key factor in this web. All those involved will be facing challenges andquestions unique to them. Nurses must remember that when caring for thepatients condition, they must not forget to also care for the patient andfamily. Isnt that what holistic nursing care is all about? We must care for thepatient as a whole and this would include the patients family. Nurses need toassess: (a) psychosocial needs, (b) functional outcomes, (c) quality of life,(d) daily living, (e) psychiatric outcome, and (f) financial needs. The nursemust use skills in crisis intervention to help ease the disequilibrium of thefamily. Nurses need to be sensitive to patient and family needs. Nurses musthelp the patients and their families to cope with(a) disease chronicity, (b)waiting period, (c) role reversal, (d) hospitalization, and (e) complicatedmedical regimen as well as take into consideration the demands on(a) time, (b)energy, (c) finances, and (d) relationships that the disease has placed onpatients and their families. The burdens and challenges that this crisis placeson patients and their families are many. These can also include(a) theuncertantity of re jection, (b) the uncertantity of future health and well-being,(c) social isolation, (d) financial burdens, (e) possible organ failure, (f)increased risk of two family members undergoing surgery, and (g) feelings ofguilt from non-donating persons or family members (Ganley, P. P., 1995). Astransplant moves into the critical care setting, nurses are going to have to beprepared for optimal management of donors, canidates, and recipients. They needto optimize patient outcomes through extended knowledge bases and educationabout:: (a) the procedure, (b) the human immune response, (c) the pharmacologyof immunosuppression, and (d) physiological and psychologic and behaviorresponses to transplantation (Smith, S. L., 1993). Nurses need to continue to bepatient advocates. We need to encourage communication, allow families toventilate anger, fear, and guilt and to educate patients and families about whatto expect. Nurses need to remember when designing care paths and nursingdiagnosis that it is important to include the necessary ones related to thepatients condition such as, potential for infection related to interrupted skinintegrity, which is the nursing diagnosis that the current nursing research isfocused on; but we also need to include nursing diagnoses that focus on thepatient and family as a whole. A key nursing diagnosis would be anxietysecondary to knowledge deficit about liver donation/transplantation. We need toeducate patients and their families and take the time to answer their questionsand listen to their fears and concerns. All too often nurses get caught up inthe machines that are taking care of the patients condition but we mustremember that there is no machine that can care for the patient and family, onlythe human response and caring of a nurse can preserve the person. History And Philosophy Of Vegetarianism EssayWise, B. V. . (1994). Advances in pediatric solid organ transplantation. NursingClinics of North America, 29 (4), 615-629.

Spirituality in the Workplace

Introduction General Overview The interest in organizational spirituality partially derives from the necessity to balance organizational performance and to improve the codes of ethics within an organization. Specifically, a growing attention to the workplace spirituality allows people to construct and sustain fundamental values at work and facilitate various management operations and practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Appeared in the 1990s, this domain of organizational ethics has captured the attention of the leading theorist examining management and workplace environment (Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2010, p. 27). In particular, contemporary researchers are primarily dedicated to the analysis of spirituality with regard to organizational performance and relationships between the employers and their employees. One way or another, these theoretic al frameworks provide promising perspectives for successful development and advancement of company’s philosophies and values allowing to adjust to social and cultural changes. In this regard, there is a growing necessity to study various dimensions of workplace spirituality to define how they influence organizational performance, ethical behavior, and overall atmosphere within an organization. Defining Spirituality in the Workplace So far, spirituality was not considered in relation to work and business and organizational workplace could be compared with oxymoron. However, since 1990 and several decades after, a dramatic interest in the examination of this term as an inherent component in understanding organizations and management provide a solid ground for providing a new definition of spirituality. Manz and Neal (2005) provide the following explanation: â€Å"Spirituality in the workplace is about people seeing their work as a spiritual path, as an opportunity to grow pers onally and to contribute to society in a meaningful way. It is about learning to be more caring and compassionate with fellow employees, with bosses, with subordinates and customers. It is about integrity, being true to oneself, and telling the truth to others. Spirituality in the workplace can refer to an individual’s attempts to live his or her values more fully in the workplace.† (p. 121)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing this meaning, organizational spirituality touches upon various dimensions of employed environment such as organizational ethics, organizational performance, integrity, cultural diversity, and psychological factors in relations between managers and their subordinates. Literature Synthesis: Elements of Organizational Spirituality Spirituality and organizational performance The introduction of spirituality and virtuous approaches to bus iness management is largely predetermined by the necessity to increase organizational performance, productivity, and revenues. In this regard, a wide range of researches and reports are dedicated to the analysis of these relations. Cavanagh and Bandsuch (2002) question, â€Å"how does [spirituality] maximize the benefits and minimize the problem of spirituality in the workplace† or â€Å"how does one best judge whether a particular spirituality is ‘appropriate’ for the workplace†(p. 109). In this regard, the scholars pay attention to the fact that spirituality contributes significantly to improving cooperation and motivation. More importantly, they believe that spirituality positively affects organizational performance and productivity, thus dictating a person-oriented approach to human resource management. The same position is held by Collins (2010) who also believes that spirituality in the workplace is the primary condition for achieving impressive fina ncial performance and productivity and for striking the balance between company’s goals and ethical and spiritual behaviors within an organization. In particular, the scholar provides an original approach for proving that ethics and ethical codes, ethical decision making, and diversity training are closely correlated with performance analysis. More importantly, the research carried by Collins (2010) provides evidence that proper management of organizational spirituality will lead to the improvement of quality of goods and services and facilitates spiritual development and growth. Examinations of relation of spirituality to organizational efficiency and performance have also been proved by Karakas (2010). Specifically, the researcher has managed to successfully outline the main factors affecting high productivity and organization’s prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Spirituality in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More The researcher believes that a successful performance is based on three factors: employee’s welfare and living standard, employees’ motivation and incentives, and employees’ interaction with community. All these factors are effectively enhanced by spirituality. Kolodinsky et al. (2008) have proved the research question provided by Karakas (2010). However, the researcher is more focused on the structuring the main elements of spirituality believing that it should be views through the prism of individual, organizational and interactive aspects. Milliman et al. (1999) agree with this idea that the introduction of the organizational spirituality triggers the increase of company’s profits and provides new incentives and motivation for employees to work harder and more efficiently. With regard to the considerations presented above, it should be stressed that all the researchers have provided completely different positions toward the connection between spirituality and organizational performance. Nevertheless, all of them emphasize the importance of spirituality penetration to the workplace. Spirituality and organizational ethics The fact that spirituality and ethics are closely interconnected is undeniable. This is obvious when it concerns the world of business and organizational management, which is another dimension of social world. Therefore, there are plethora of researchers and explorations that provide exhaustive information about codes of ethics, organizational ethics, personal development and how they are connected with spirituality in the workplace. Sheep (2006) sufficiently explains two important factors – spirituality in the workplace and ethical dilemmas – with regard to the overall atmosphere within an organization. In particular, the researcher believes that harmonic co-existence of several ethical climates will not provide serious problems, but they can trigger ethical mi sconceptions within differently oriented working teams. In order to eliminate and to prevent such dilemmas, the researcher pays attention to â€Å"quiet desperation† and the problem of instrumentality (Sheep, 2006, p. 538). What is more important, Sheep (2006) suggests a comprehensive approach to solving the problems.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Specifically, he refers to instrumentality, societal good, and individual fulfillment as the main pillars for striking the balance between ethical issues and organizational spirituality. The same view is held by Manz and Neal (2008) who believe that â€Å"[w]hile virues offer a blueprint for ideal ethical and moral workplace conduct, the realities of the market are often largely in opposition to these lofty intentions† (p. 131). The researchers also suggest that performance can often encounter the problems of spirituality and virtue formation because such aspects as compassion and integrity can conflict with high productivity. In contrast to Sheep’s suggestions, Pawar (2009b) provides a completely different view on the consideration of spirituality and ethical issues. Unlike previous statements, the researcher does not refer to spirituality in the workplace as to the cornerstone for constructing and adapting ethical codes, but as to the basics of organizational ethics. Like Kolodinsky et al. (2008), Pawar (2009b) offers a three-dimensional approach to the evaluation of various techniques for facilitating spirituality in the workplace. These dimensions touch upon personal, group, and organizational viewpoints on the connection between spirituality and ethics. Judging from the above assumptions and evidence, the connection of spirituality and ethics in relation to organizational performance is quite controversial. Therefore, this concept should be carefully considered before introduced in the working environment. Spirituality, religion, and social interaction in the business world The contradictions derived from considering organization spirituality are largely connected with wrong understanding of this definition. The problem is that religion and spirituality are closely interconnected because religion can be considered as the main source of spirituality (Manz and Neal, 2008, p. 121). However, this is only one of the basic components included in t his definition which are not properly revealed and explained. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the differences between those terms because there are people are spiritual enough, but do not belong to any of the known religions. Some researchers believe that spirituality in the workplace does not presuppose religion as its main component (Pavlovich and Corner, 2009). The scholars insist on the idea that organizational spirituality identifies various techniques for consolidating and connecting employees. More importantly, Pavlovich and Corner (2009) provide comprehensive models for analyzing environmental and social issues and connect spirituality management with ecological levels. In the studies provides by Pawar (2009a), there is no mentioning about religion as the basic precursor of workplace spirituality. Instead, the scholar provides that this phenomenon is constructed on the basis of self-interest transcendence, organizational behavior, transformational leadership, proce dural justice, and organizational support. Being the main concepts of organizational behavior, spirituality, thus, is presented as a component of organizational ethics where religion cannot be considered, or should be presented apart from business ethics. In order to separate religion from spirituality, it is necessary to consider several dimensions these two aspects encounter. According to Hill and Smith (2003), religion is more community-focused while spirituality tend to be more individualistic; religion is more observable, measurable, and objective while spirituality is less visible and quantifiable and more objective†¦.religion tend to be behavior-oriented with an emphasis on outward practices while spirituality tend to be more emotionally oriented and inwardly directed;†¦and religion is more oriented toward doctrine, especially that which distinguishes good from evil while spirituality stresses harmony and unity and is less concerned with doctrine (p. 233). With rega rd to these distinctions, it is possible to conclude that spirituality and religion create a two-polar opposition where the coincident point can be observed in case emotional and inward states of an individual are based on religious concerns only. Alternatively, considering spirituality and religious are homogenous terms can lead disorganization and misconception of the established theories and approaches. In particular, according to Hicks (2003), spirituality should be presented in the opposition to religion; otherwise, it can create negative connotations in the employed environment. Therefore, spirituality should be set before religions to avoid frictions and conflicts in the workplace. Summing up the presented evidence, spirituality in the workplace is based on numerous aspects and influences, among which are organizational behavior, leadership, organizational ethics, self-interest transcendence, and religion. It should be emphasized that the latter provokes numerous controversie s because it is often confused with the spirituality in the workplace. Hence, the analysis of differences and peculiarities has revealed that religion may serve as a component of organizational spirituality, but it does not provide fundamental conceptions for constructing business ethics. Discussion and Findings An in-depth examination and assessment of the presented sources have infused several valuable assumptions and findings concerning different dimensions of spirituality in the workplace. This specifically relates to the ethical dilemmas in the business environment, strategies for handling an organizational behavior, factors affecting an organizational performance and productivity, and the main elements of spirituality. In addition, the definition and explanation of the term have also been identified. To begin with, the literature analysis has provided several discoveries concerning organizational spirituality and performance. Specifically, it has been found that the majority o f the researchers (Cavanagh and Bandsuch, 2002; Collins, 2010; Karakas, 2010; Kolodinsky et al., 2008; Milliman, 1999) agree with the assumption that this aspect positively influences company’s performance and employees’ performance because meeting workers’ spiritual and ethical requirements provides more incentives and more solid motivations for working harder. Second, there are some difficulties in defining the relations between spirituality and ethical issues due to some reasons. Hence, it has been found that such controversy is predetermined by various theoretical orientations of both terms with regard to organizational management. Hence, spirituality is more individual-oriented, it provides subjective outlooks and positions that should be tackled carefully by organization (Sheep, 2006; Manz and Neal, 2009; Pawar, 2009). More importantly, it is more connected with cultural and emotional diversities that are sometimes difficult to adjust because they may cont radict some established conceptions within an organization. In contrast, organizational ethics is more concerned with inventing some integral and universal concepts that could contribute to establishing favorable working environment and to meeting high levels of performance and productivity. Third, religion and spirituality are not identical notions, specifically with regard to organizational ethics and behavior. Certainly, both spirituality and religions have similarities if considering them apart from the business world. But within it, spirituality prevails where religion may be included only as one of the components along with leadership, organizational behavior, self-interest transcendence (Hill and Smith 2003; Hicks, 2003). At the same time, businesses should treat religion carefully cultivating tolerance and respect being the basic of cultural considerations. All it can be seen spirituality involves a plethora of complicated issues and dilemmas that are carefully studied and c onsidered at interdisciplinary level. This also implies that organizational spirituality is, indeed, crucial for constructing efficient strategies in the field of human resource management and organizational ethics. Limitations to the Presented Literature The majority of the selected scholarly works provides positive perspectives and connotations for introducing organization spirituality. However, little research has been done to analyze the reasons and negative outcomes of implementing spirituality in the workplace. Mostly all reviewed works relate to the analysis of spirituality from the viewpoint of organizational ethics. Specifically, the point is that this notion is not considered as a separate concept, but inherently affiliated to ethical and cultural considerations. Another explicit gap presented in the researches is absence of sufficient models for implementing spirituality in the workplace with regard to psychological factors and professional growth issue. Rather, the intro duction is primarily aimed at improving organizational productivity and performance. Consequently, there is a great distinction between spirituality in the workplace and that presented in the community. The latter is closely associated with individuals’ religious concerns rather with inward emotional state. Finally, there are no accurate studies dedicated to the measurement of spirituality with regard to different organizations. In particular, irrelevant identification of spiritual goals and approaches can lead to theories ethical conflicts. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the meaning of organizational spirituality to keep pace with recent cultural, social, and political changes. This can serve as serious reasons for further researchers in this field. Conclusion The spirituality in the workplace is connected with a wide range of disciplines and studies. Specifically, this notion concerns such areas as human resource management, business ethics, and organizational behavio r, and conflict management. The examination and assessment of presented theories and models for treating organizational spirituality provides great perspectives for further exploration and encouragement for building company’s values and codes of ethics and allows to establish a more favorable ground for adapting to cultural and social shifts. The analysis and review of presented scholarly sources have proved numerous hypotheses and provides a solid ground for further explorations. More importantly, the review has also presented the most urgent problem connected with organizational ethics and establishing spirituality in the workplace. The concerns are specifically connected with failure to correctly define the essence of spirituality which is often confused with religion. Numerous findings have proved that these concepts belong to completely different dimensions and studies, especially when they are considered in relation to business and management. Another problem occurs whe n searching place for spirituality within the ethical frameworks. Ethics and spirituality can also be subjected to a two-polar confrontation because sometimes organizational ethics is not congruent with moral and spiritual concerns of individuals. In this respect, there are still many issues and aspect that are worth further examination and discussion to provide more accurate explanations for the place of spiritual issues in the employed environment. Reference List Cavanagh, G. F., and Bandsuch, M. R. (2002). Virtue as a Benchmark for Spirituality in Business. Journal of Business Ethics. 38(1/2), pp. 109-117. Collins, D. (2010). ‘Designing ethical organizations for spiritual growth and superior performance: an organization systems approach’, Journal of Management, Spirituality Religion, 7(2), pp. 95-117. Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L (2010). Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance. US: M. E. Sharpe SharpeLtd. Hicks, D. A. (2003). Reli gion and the workplace: pluralism, spirituality, leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hill, P. C. and Smith, G. S. (2003) Coming to Terms with Spirituality and Religion in the Workplace. In R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz. Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Organizational Performance. US: M. E. Sharpe SharpeLtd. Karakas, F. (2010). Spirituality and performance in organizations: A literature review. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, pp. 89-106. Kolodinsky, R. W., Giacalone, R. A., and Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2008). Workplace Values and Outcomes: Exploring Personal, Organizational, and Interactive Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 81(1), pp. 465-480. Manz. C. C., and Neal, J. (2008). The virtuous organization: insights from some of the world’s leading management thinkers. US: World Scientific. Milliman J., Ferguson J., Trickett D., Condemi B. (1999). Spirit and community at Southwest Airlines: An investigation of a spiritual values-based model. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12 (3), pp. 221-233. Pavlovich, K. and Corner, P. (2009). Spiritual Organizations and Inter-Connectedness: The Living Nature Experience. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 6 (3), pp. 209-229. Pawar, B. S. (2009a). Some of the Recent Organizational Behavior Concepts as Precursors to Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 88(2), pp. 245-261. Pawar, B. S. (2009b). Workplace spirituality facilitation: A comprehensive model. Journal of Business Ethics 90, pp. 375–386. Sheep, M. L. (2006). Nurturing the Whole Person: The Ethics of Workplace Spirituality in a Society of Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics. 66(4), pp. 357-375. This essay on Spirituality in the Workplace was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Simple Pendulum Lab Report Essay Example

Simple Pendulum Lab Report Essay Example Simple Pendulum Lab Report Paper Simple Pendulum Lab Report Paper Essay Topic: Simple The relationship between the length and the time for one swing (the period) has been researched for many centuries, and has allowed famous physicists like Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilee to obtain an accurate value for the gravitational acceleration g. In this report, we will replicate their experiment, and we will try to find an accurate value for X here in Pisa. We will then compare this value with the commonly accepted value of 9. 806 m/so [NIST, 2009] A CLOSER LOOK AT OUR VARIABLES In this investigation, we varied the length of the pendulum (our independent arable) to observe a change in the period (our dependent variable). In order to reduce possible random errors in the time measurements, we repeated the measurement of the period three times for each of the ten lengths. We also measured the time for ten successive swings to further reduce the errors. The length of our original pendulum was set at 1 00 CM and for each of the following measurements, we reduced the length by 10 CM. THEORY A simple pendulum performs simple harmonic motion, i. E. Its periodic motion is defined by an acceleration that is proportional to its displacement and directed awards the centre of motion. It can be shown that the period T of the swinging pendulum is proportional to the square root of the length I of the pendulum: T -4112 (Hypersonic, 2009), with T the period in seconds, the length in meters and g the gravitational acceleration in m/so. Our raw data should give us a square-root relationship between the period and the length. Furthermore, to find an accurate value for g, we will also graph TO versus the length of the pendulum. This way, we will be able to obtain a straight-line graph, with a gradient equal to rug-1. EQUIPMENT AND METHOD For this investigation, we had access to limited resources; clamps, stands, a meter ruler, a stopwatch, a metal ball (a. K. A. Bob), and some string. The experimental set-up was equal to the diagram, shown in figure 1 (Practical Physics, 2009). As stated earlier in the introduction, it was decided to measure the time for ten complete swings, in order to reduce the random errors. Clamp These measurements would be repeated two more times, and in total ten successive lengths were used, starting from one meter, and decreasing by 10 CM or each following measurement. String A meter ruler was used to determine the length of the string. One added difficulty in determining the length of the pendulum was the relative big uncertainty in finding the exact length, since the metal bob Tripod Stand added less than a centimeter to our string length, measured from the bobs centre. This resulted in an uncertainty in length that was higher than one would normally expect. The table clamp was used to secure the position of the tripod stand, Metal bob while the pendulum was swinging. After the required measurements, one experiment was carried out to find the Figure 1: Diagram of the set-up for this experiment degree of damping in our set-up. Damping always occurs when there is friction, but exactly how significant the degree of damping in our experimental set-up was, remained uncertain. Depending on the degree of damping, it may or may not have a significant effect on our measurements. All measurements were taken under the same conditions, using the same metal bob, the same ruler, in the same room, and at approximately 26 degrees Celsius.

Current Issues in Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Current Issues in Intellectual Property - Essay Example Most of the legal principles to encourage and establish the intellectual property rights have evolved over decades. The intellectual property laws were strongly established in the 19th century due to the different evolutions in the global business environment. Today the intellectual property laws and rights have become a commonplace concept in almost all countries accrues the globe. Intellectual properties are not only applicable to artistic creations but are also used to protect inventions and discoveries which have commercial value. Intellectual properties are protected by the law due to the usefulness of these properties in enabling the general people and society to earn financial and economic benefits and recognition from their discoveries, creations or inventions. It can be ascertained that striking a right balance between the interests of the public and those of the innovators is likely create an environment which will support the flourishing of creativity and innovation. Intellectual property laws can be used to protect a wide range of products and services. It includes all types of innovations and some discoveries made by individuals, teams or organizations. The intellectual property rights can be gained under copyrights, patents, trademarks, confidentiality or trade secrets. Patents can be obtained for a wide range of products including any method, substance, process or device which is inventive, new, authentic and useful to the society, technology or any other domain. Patents can be enforced legally and can be used to commercially protect and exploit inventions and creations. Some innovations like mathematical models, schemes, artistic creations, plans and processes which are completely dependent on mental processes are not eligible for getting patent rights. The copyrights are commonly used under the intellectual property laws to protect mental creations like literary works, music compositions and other forms of artistic,

Falsfication of medical records Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Falsfication of medical records - Assignment Example Falsifying patient’s medical records is a case of negligence and it can result in the deterioration of a patient’s health and in some cases the death of the patients. Lundstrom further explains that there are cases where costly medical law suits drive hospital administrators to recreate medical records. This serves as a desperate measure to cover up their neglectful care (Lundstrom, 2013). Lundstrom looks at the various patterns in falsification of medical records. Dressenhaul and Peabody (2002) explain that recording false positives leads to overestimation of the quality care in critical areas such as physical examination. According to Lundstrom, medical practitioners falsify medical records to cover up neglect or unprofessional acts that result in the death of a patient. In such cases, the nursing home administrators rewrite the records to minimize liability. There are other cases where staff members fill in blank patient charts without confirming whether treatment ha s taken place and there has been accuracy of the information. The pharmacy department also experiences cases of medical record falsification when medications are cleared off from the pharmacy, but later discrepancies in the pharmacy records are reported or boxes of medication are found unopened. There are other cases where nurses falsify consent forms to enable them to sedate patients. In some cases, nursing home staff alter dates in medical records to cover up acts of negligence during an audit (Lundstrom, 2013). Pozgar (2009) points out that falsifying of medical records is a professional misconduct. Patients expect from health practitioners to keep accurate and adequate records that show their medical history. Accurate and adequate medical records facilitate effective communication of health requirements between practitioners and patients. Inaccurate documentation jeopardizes a patient’s health. Falsified documents shatter a practitioner’s credibility (Pozgar, 2009) . According to Pozgar, a health practitioner has a duty towards the patient to maintain the accuracy, truth, integrity and reliability of the medical records. Pozgar explains that inaccurate, misleading or false information in a medical record prejudices the patients care. When a practitioner falsifies a patient’s medical information for his own interests, it is regarded as a gross medical malpractice for this endangers the patients’ health. Daniels (2004) explains that falsifying of medical records constitutes unprofessional conduct. Falsifying medical records is a breach of duty. Such negligence by medical practitioners goes against professional ethics. Medical record falsification can cost a health practitioner their license to practice (Daniels, 2004). Falsification of medical documents goes against certain principles in nursing practice. Whitehead, Weiss, and Tappen describe the principle of nonmaleficence, which requires that a nurse should not do any harm either deliberately or unintentionally to a patient. The principle requires that nurses protect patients, especially those who are unable to protect themselves, like mentally challenged patients or physically challenges patients. Falsifying medical documents endangers a patient’s health (Whitehead, Weiss and Tappen, 2007). Medical records falsification breaches the principle of fidelity that requires nurses to fulfil their responsibilities as nursing practices state. Nurses

A Project Management study of Impact of stakeholders on project delays Research Proposal

A Project Management study of Impact of stakeholders on project delays and increase cost in transport sector - Research Proposal Example Project stakeholders are the representatives of the interests achieved at these levels. The author defines a project stakeholder as a group of people or a person who has vested interest in the project’s success as well as the environment in which the project operates. It means that even the environmental protection agencies are stakeholders. The citizens of a country are stakeholders to a construction project of a highway. Stakeholder for this research study will include any persons, group of people or organizations involved in the construction project with some vested interest including the citizens of the international community if found to qualify as stakeholders. Construction projects worldwide are characterised by delays which is always accompanied by time and cost overruns. The project delays have devastating effects on various stakeholders such as on consultants, owners, financiers, and the contractor. These stakeholders are mostly affected in terms of litigation, growt h in adversarial relationship, arbitration, distrust and cash-flow problems. Project delays contribute a lot, through various ways, to the failure of most construction projects. It puts a lot of strain in the management of the projects. In most cases, project progress reports report project delays with no specific reference to the causes (Haseeb, Xinhai-Lu, Bibi, Maloof-ud-Dyian & Rabbani., 2011). It is important to find the causes of project delays in order to develop strategies for eliminating them. This forms part of risk management. Lack of preparedness in managing any risks associated with a project constitutes poor project management. It is therefore important to identify every source of risk and make preparations on how they can be mitigated. Delays in large construction projects have been found to be a major problem. They cost the job owner and the contractor a lot of money. Although some of the causes are universal, construction projects are different and the causes of dela y may vary (Haseeb, Xinhai-Lu, Bibi, Maloof-ud-Dyian & Rabbani., 2011). In the United Kingdom for example, there are various large construction projects going on (Construction News, 2013). A project manager may have assessed similar projects from different regions and countries to find out the risks associated with project delays, the causes of project delays, and how to manage these delays. This is an important step, but as the project continues, different activities, situations and cost changes affect the project. This in turn affects the causes of delay. In the UK for example, workers are a source construction delays. According to Terry (2013), workers take in excess of 130 million days sickness absence every year. 330,000 workers drop out of employment every year. These cost the state and the employer, and have a drastic impact on the society. The government has worked over several years to find out ways to reduce the levels of sickness absence and related costs. It has currentl y published proposals for reform which may change the approach given to sickness absence in the UK. Employers are expected to change their role and be more involved in assisting employees to return to work as soon as possible when they are able to return, and in rehabilitation. These new recommendations are expected to be introduced in the next 12-18 months (Terry, 2013). This project management plan focuses

Models of Nursing for Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults

Models of Nursing for Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults The articles chosen to be evaluated, compared, analyse and reflected upon are Nursing models and Contemporary Nursing: their development, uses and limitations, Nursing models and contemporary nursing: can they raise standards of care and lastly Safeguarding vulnerable adults. The reasons for selecting the topics above are based on exposure to the subject matter in university and familiarity with the safeguarding vulnerable adults during the many years spent working as a Health Care support worker within the community. Most of all, the ultimate reason choosing these topics is sheer interest in finding out how effective the usage of these integral topics can improve holistic nursing practice and give the service user or patients a better experience. Supporting evidence for this report were sourced from various mediums i.e. Through the internet and from credible websites such as the Royal College of Nursing, Nursing Times and article catalogue banks such as CINHL and Medline. Murphy, F; Williams, A and Pridmore, J (2010) Nursing models and contemporary nursing 1: their development, uses and limitation. Nursing Times 15 June, 2010, vol 106, No 23pp18-20. Pridmore J et al (2010 Nursing models and contemporary nursing 2: can they raise standards of care? Nursing Times 21st June, 2010 Vol 106, Number 24. These articles are suitable for the education, training and informing Healthcare Professionals about the prominence of their field. The articles are presented in a good and coherent fashion, this makes the reading experience enjoyable. The two-part series analyses the worth of nursing models and deliberates whether the essential concepts, principles and ethics about nursing in these models are pertinent to contemporary procedures. This first article provided an outline of nursing models; how and why they were established; and some poignant criticisms. The second article examined the models in the framework of modern nursing practice, with specific attention placed on current initiatives intended to reform nursing and to improve the standards of care. The authors of these articles are experienced and seasoned professionals in their fields of expertise. Fiona Murphy, for example, is a nurse who has held clinical positions as a Sister, staff nurse and clinical teacher in acute hospitals nursing all over the United Kingdom. She has taught and lectured at the University of Swansea since 1992 and worked on a variety of undergraduate and post graduate nursing and midwifery programmes. (Dockerty, 2013) Julia Pridmore, is also a Nurse Lecturer and programme manager for BSc (Hons) Health and Social Care at the University of Swansea. Julia has been a practicing nurse since the 1980s. She specialises on quality improvement, governance and patient safety (Pridmore, 2010). Their experience in practice and teaching combined, validates their knowledge of the subject and also authenticate the issues raised in the articles. The authors, gave a very insightful historical background about the technological boom which triggered the development of nursing models in the early 1960’s in the United States, but it failed to examine the reasons why it took more than a decade for the same to be adopted in the United Kingdom. One could be identified with the difficulty in acclimatizing to an entirely different concept, but the impediment to change as described by (Kenny 1993) ‘reflecting on the approach and attitude towards change and the bureaucratic environment of the NHS, also questioned if models really stood any chance at all’. This statement speaks a lot of volumes but completely void of proofs or facts. The National Health Service have been a driver for change and modification since inception. The Nurses Act of 1949, for example was established to modernise the role of nursing by providing the catalyst for modification to nursing education and training, 1940s and 50s saw nurses uniform b egin to become more standardised, in 1955 the nursing auxiliary or nursing assistant role achieved formal recognition and Enoch Powell’s Hospital Plan recommended that teaching hospitals should act as district general hospitals and that student should be taught where patients required treatment in 1962. Prior to the adaptation of models in the United States the National Health Service was in its twentieth year of reformation, one can conclude Kenny 1993 quote on attitude to change and bureaucracy within the environment of the NHS is possibly a hypothesis. Secondly, there were numerous complications in developing the models, the smallest of which was an absence of a definition of nursing. This led to Henderson’s description being regularly quoted, and it shaped the foundation of vast majority of deliberations. There were also calls to go back to the ideas of Florence Nightingale. Henderson defines both the independent and the co-dependent features of nursing practice, and stipulates the affiliation between nursing and medicine. This difference between independent and co-dependent practice is vital to appreciating the intricacy of nursing and its specific influence inside the multi-disciplinary teams within a health care setting. Nightingale’s emphasis on the advancement of health and healing as separate from the treatment of disease, and the harmony of the individual, well-being and the atmosphere, remain essential to contemporary explanations of nursing. Both philosophies and ideas resounds clearly in the models, a good indication of the advancements and strides made since the days of Florence Nightingale. In hind sight, going back on the ideas to reflect the idle of Florence Nightingale would be a complete retrogression, but rather using models as a framework to guide and reform the delivery of care and will directly improve the experience of the patient thereby affirming the professional outlook of the nurse within the healthcare setting. Betts V; Marks-Maran, D and Morris-Thompson, T (2014) Safeguarding vulnerable adults. Nursing Standard. 28, 38 P37-41. This article is suitable for the teaching, preparation and informing Healthcare Professionals about the importance and efficacy of safeguarding the vulnerable within the confines of the hospital and beyond. The article is presented in clear and comprehensible manner, this makes the reading experience very pleasant. The article examines more or less the matters surrounding safeguarding vulnerable adults, it reviews some of the correlated legislation and literature, and outlines the responsibilities of authorities or those who care for these patient groups. The article reveals how one hospital that is specialised in caring for individuals with early-onset dementia, Huntingdon’s disease and alcohol-related brain damage who need supplementary care, has provided staff with fitting evidence-based facts about safeguarding adults. The authors of this article are knowledgeable and experienced authorities in their fields. Virginia Betts Previously a staff nurse at Forest Hospital, Nottingham and presently health visitor student at Derby University, Diane Marks-Maran is an honorary professor of nursing at Kingston University, London and St George’s, University of London, lastly, Trish Morris-Thompson director of quality and clinical governance at Barchester Healthcare, London. Their involvement in practice and education authenticates their understanding of the theme being examined i.e. Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults and also substantiate the issues raised in the article. This is an evidence based literature which draws lessons and references from current events in Winterbourne View Hospital and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. This article failed to explore in to details the avenues of trainings, retraining, and refresher courses to ensure staff and healthcare professional are constantly reminded of the importance of safeguarding the vulnerable. Although, Nesbit’s warning that no structure or system of safeguarding would be able to pledge with certainty that abuse would certainly not transpire (Nesbit 2013) is completely a valid argument. It also very important to raise, continuous trainings and adequate reminders are the key to keeping this all important subject current and relevant to the healthcare professional. With the view of avoiding a repeat of the happening of Winterbourne View and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust, the issue of training, retraining and refresher courses cannot be over emphasised. Research and policy guidance advocates compulsory trainings for care home proprietors and executives in view of safeguarding responsibilities. ‘No secrets’ (DH/Home Office, 2000) also mentioned that all organisations must train all employees and volunteers at all levels of hierarchy within their agencies, organisation or companies, with respect to their responsibilities in the adult safeguarding procedures and processes. Kalaga and Kingston (2007) referred to the commendations of the enquiry into the delivery of services for individuals with learning difficulties at the Cornwall Partnership NHS Trust which specified that the Trust must: ‘as a priority, develop a programme of training, supervision and support for all staff which helps them deliver care in accordance with the principles of the Valuing People strategy’. (CSCI/Healthcare Commission, 2006, p 69) Organisations must ensure a safe environment in which all employees are trained in safeguarding, and a uthorities such as managers, supervisors and even team leaders be responsible for systematic official checks of the organisation’s safeguarding procedures, policies, processes and practices. In essence, the evidence presented for Forest Hospital in Nottingham inaugurated in 2013 to deliver expert care for individuals with early-onset dementia, Huntingdon’s disease and alcohol-related brain injury is exemplary, the institution have gone through a great deal of meticulous planning to encourage the retention of information and training pertaining to safeguarding. All employees new to the establishment obtain an information guide and commence e-learning induction sections on safeguarding vulnerable adults, followed by team deliberations on some of the subjects raised on the materials and guides given, and the sections. Throughout the segments and group studies, employees are familiarised with and well-versed on safeguarding vulnerable adults. Responses, feedbacks and questions are given in writing and verbally from employees and shown that employees who had never worked in care homes or anything similar to care found the training on safeguarding adults educational and easy to comprehend. Employees identified that they valued the chance to utilize the learning tools on safeguarding adults in group discussions. They also mentioned that it was extremely beneficial having a written document to which references could be made when needed. This method of training is entirely innovative and worthy of emulation by every institution and NHS Trusts. The only criticism about the training method in Forest Hospital is the fact the authors provided no detail concerning its frequency. It is vital to note, some of the issues in Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust according to the HealthCare Commission was not due to lack of training but rather lack of adequate training. As a firm believer in learning, unlearn and relearning, training a healthcare professional once or maybe twice in his or her career is not enough. Safeguarding just like manual handling require expiration in its certification. This will enable a continuous assessment of employee knowledge and practical skills with respect to safeguarding thereby delivering exceptional service to the patient. In retrospect, one could say the article on Safeguarding focused mainly on physical abuse by so doing leaving a lot of safeguarding issues unaddressed. Abuse may be physical, psychological, financial or material, sexual, discriminatory, or an act of neglect or an omission to act. For example the involvement of exploitation and mistreatment is likely to have a major impact on a person’s health and wellbeing. By the very nature exploitation and utter abuse of power by one person over another has an enormous impact on a person’s independence and most times depresses their individualities, which are a breach of the rudimentary ethos of the Healthcare profession. Neglect on the other hand, was not mentioned, but it can stop an individual who is reliant on others for their fundamental necessities, exercising choice and control over the basic needs of life and can cause embarrassment, humiliation and loss of self-respect. All vulnerable adults have the right to be assisted to make their own choices and to give or deny consent on whatever they please, be it activities or even services. Consent is a strong sign of a readiness to partake in an activity or to receive a service. It may be gestured, verbal agreement, or in writing. No individual can or should give, or refuse, consent on behalf of a different adult except exceptional provision for specific purposes have been made and it generally by law. The main struggle dealing with abuse of vulnerable adults is knowing that it exists, because it’s multifaceted nature. DeHart et al (2009) cross-examined nursing home employees, policy makers and health care professionals to detect training needs of employees. They discovered that those at risk of abuse were residents who are silent, confused and incapable to communicating or those who have few visitors, as well as those who are non-compliant or with challenging behaviours. They proposed that one of the employees capabilities must be the skill ‘to identify residents’ vulnerabilities that increase the risk of their being mistreated’. A key United Kingdom survey of more than 2000 individuals of age 66 and over living in private accommodations and households discovered a variety of risk factors, precise to the category of abuse: The risk factors for neglect encompassed being female from 85 years of age, in bad health or depression and the prospect of being in receipt of, or in touch with, services. The risk of financial abuse amplified for individual living alone, in receipt of services, in bad or very bad health, older men, and women who were divorced or separated, or lonely. The risk of relational abuse (physical, psychological and sexual abuse combined) was greater in women aged 66–74 (O’Keefe et al, 2007). O’Dowd (2007), in reporting on the above research, recommended the discoveries on risk factors, citing that it should be used by local authorities to observe and act on abuse by directing assistance where it is wanted most. Appointing full-time safeguarding leads or introducing training f or all staff i.e. relevant training for all new staff, from auxiliary to consultant level, as part of its induction programme, and another where training is consolidated at handover times to keep it refreshed and serve as a constant reminder at all time. On the Aspect of Nursing Models, Nurses do require a theoretical framework to serve as a guide and support. This is predominantly so now that we confronted economic, demographic and communal variation that will possibly â€Å"value the nurse out of the market. Devoid of using theory to define what nursing is and does, it would extremely stress-free to demote the role of the Nurse to nothing else but just elementary tasks, when nursing is as a matter of fact, a multifaceted, vibrant and thought-provoking role demanding the mixture of understanding , knowledge, skills, familiarity and theory. The usage of nursing theories such as models assist nurses to make the difference amongst the contributions of the medical, nursing and other healthcare professionals and establish the worth of the nurse. Nurses are acquainted with problem-solving methods such as ASPIRE (Assessment, Systematic nursing diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Recheck and Evaluation). However, methods like this guides in care planning, they are short on detail on how to do it. For example, a problem-solving procedure is less likely to outline questions needs asking in the course of an assessment or the interventions to be made. Nursing model can drastically improve the methods of assessment and deliver better care. (Barrett et al, 2012) Models can play a variety of roles in the career of the nurse. Take for example, the newly qualified nurse, a model will be a very import framework for the care planning process. A proficient nurse will have the ability cultivate their own diverse model, grounded on the fundamentals of different theories that fits their methodology and framework of care. In conclusion, nursing continue to offer challenging roles in dynamic, evolving healthcare environments. However, the competitive workforce means that in order to first attract and then retain nurses, Authorities in Healthcare needs to ensure that practices are contemporary and innovative. It is also important to recognise that Nurses are part of a broader healthcare team and it is appropriate that to consider and assess the best way to work with other healthcare providers to provide quality patient care now and into the future. Safeguarding adults is everybody’s business. Statutory agencies and all who work with Vulnerable Adults have the responsibility to safeguard the wellbeing and safety of Vulnerable Adults in different ways. â€Å"Safeguarding† when viewed in its wider sense of promoting the safety, wellbeing and opportunities of adults forms part of core business for all statutory agencies, for example, ensuring health and patient safety is the NHS responsibility, promoting independence and wellbeing is the responsibility of Adult Social Care, and protecting people from harm is the responsibility of the Police. For all professionals, â€Å"safeguarding† in its wider sense is part and parcel of everyday working life. However, it also refers to a very specific area of work- the reactive inter-agency response to protect Vulnerable Adults who are at risk of significant harm through abuse by another person or persons. Empowerment and choice need to be at the core of safeguarding policy and practice; this means working to enable adults at risk to recognise and protect themselves from abuse. It also means taking a risk enabling approach within services and ensuring that people who use services have genuine choice both of and within services. Bibliography Dockerty, R. (2013). Swansea nurse lecturer writes ‘Major Works’ book.Swansea University, Swansea nurse lecturer writes ‘Major Works’ book. [Online]. Available at: http://www.swansea.ac.uk/humanandhealthsciences/news-and-events/latest-news/swanseanurselecturerwritesmajorworksbook.php [Accessed: 6 November 2014]. Pridmore, J. (2010). Julia Pridmore.  Nursing Times, Julia Pridmore | Nursing Times. [Online]. Available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/julia- /148596.publicprofile [Accessed: 6 November 2014]. Choi, N.G. and Mayer, J. (2000) ‘Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation – risk  factors and prevention strategies’, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, vol 33,  no 2, pp 5–26. DeHart, D., Webb, J. and Cornman, C. (2009) ‘Prevention of elder mistreatment in  nursing homes: competencies for direct-care staff’, Journal of Elder Abuse   Neglect, vol 21, no 4, pp 360–78. Department of Health (2010) Prioritising need in the context of Putting People  First: a whole system approach to eligibility for social care – guidance on eligibility  criteria for adult social care, England 2010, London: Department of Health.

Warming Up :: Personal Narrative Papers

Warming Up "Why is it always so cold in here?" I said, aiming my voice in the direction of my parents. "It's only 68," was the invariable response from one of them. "That's room temperature." I couldn't understand why they kept the house so cold in the winter, 68 degrees during the day, 66 at night. "It's more economical to keep the house at this temperature," my dad would tell me. How much money could it cost to heat the house a few degrees more? Even though I was sure our finances would not suffer if we used more heat, I never thought of my family as rich. Rather, by comparing my family with some of my friends' families, I thought we were comparatively poor. We never had many luxuries; even our house was spartan. A few years ago, my dad and stepmom bought a plot of land in a new subdivision and designed a house. After it was built, it was obvious that we had the plainest house in the cul-de-sac. It was a one-story house with conservative beige siding and absolutely nothing fancy to make it stand out. All the other houses had two stories or decorative rows of brickwork or beautiful gables on the roof. I knew that these kinds of decorations did not come cheap, and I thought that all our neighbors must be very rich to be able to build such fancy houses. If our house was not ornate, it was certainly well kept. My dad or I mowed the yard frequently so the grass wouldn't look ragged. Neat flowerbeds encircled the house, giving it the proper, orderly look that convention demanded. Most adults I knew looked down on houses that did not meet this standard. "It's too bad they couldn't fix that siding; it would be a nice house otherwise," I would hear while passing a run-down home. Or someone else would say, "Can't that family mow their lawn? Look how bad the neighborhood looks because of that one yard." My world was clean and tidy, organized and proper. I had spent all of my 16 years in the same town, raised with a standard of propriety. I knew, in an abstract sense, that there was poverty in the world. Even so, I thought my family was, if not poor, at least poorer than most families. But I rarely thought about poverty or living conditions at all.

Kiwi Series

Kiwi Series #1 My choice of artwork for this essay is titled Kiwi Series # 1. This painting is made by Dennis Wojtkiewicz in 2005. The size of this painting is 36 by 66 inches. The medium used in this painting is the oil on canvas. I chose this painting because it appeals to my sense of aesthetics and also it has the most interesting use of texture. This painting is an excellent example of our sight being able to activate other senses. The presentation of the translucent fruit and fuzzy skin is so convincing that we have a visual and a tactile reaction and for some, a sensation of taste.The painter has used actual texture in this painting. In this essay, I will talk about the subject matter and then the content. I will also be analyzing each element and principle of design in the painting's composition in an attempt to look at it much more deeply and understand it better. Kiwi Series # 1 is a painting of a  kiwi fruit, which is cut into half. It is placed on a table or some hard su rface. The painter has drawn every little detail of the fruit  in the painting. The seeds, the internal minor lines in the fruit, and the difference in textures are done with great enthusiasm and passion.This painting makes me calm and relaxed because of the colors used in this painting and also its overall appearance. The Elements: There are different kinds of lines used in this painting. The artist has used some curvy lines near the edge and the center of the fruit. Straight lines are also used in this painting. Some lines are thick and some are thin, separating the seeds and the showing the opaqueness of some parts. The painting itself is a rectangle shape. The  shape of the fruit is objective. There are many other smaller shapes in the painting. The shape of the seeds is oval.The center of the fruit gives kind of semi-circle look. The row of the seeds looks like a thin petal of  a flower. The fruit itself is looking like a semi-circle. There is a great amount of contrast. This painting  has a photography value in which the  artist has used light part against the  dark  part. Chiaroscuro is also evident due to the illusion of light and shadow as the light source is coming from the top. Casting shadow on the table. There are areas of strong contrast such as the light color of fruit against the dark background. Sfumato is also evident in this painting.The dark colors of the seeds also create contrast against the light color of the fruit. Also there is contrast of the seeds against the bright  area near it. The color is a local color as it replicates the appearance of the real world. The colors are natural. The fruit is green and light green in color. The seeds are black. A slight brown color is also used near the edge of the fruit. The texture is simulated. If someone would touch this painting, they would feel slight bumps of the paint. For the most part, the artist has simulated the texture of the fruit.The background of the painting appears to be smooth. There is not much space in the painting. The figure is right at the forefront of the painting so the painting has shallow space. The background is dark  and we could not see anything except the fruit. Principles: The balance in this painting is symmetrical. The right side is very similar to the left side. If I were to draw a line in the middle of this painting, the visual weight on both sides of the painting would be the same. The painting is populated almost the same on both sides.The dominant part in this painting is the half-cut kiwi fruit. It occupies almost 85% of the space of the painting. Kiwi fruit is the biggest thing in the painting and it is the most important aspect of the subject matter. The same shape of the seeds in the painting creates harmony. Also the bright row that contains seeds is also of the same shape so they are the unifying factor in this painting. This work is not economical at all. There is a great amount of details and attention given to the figure. In my opinion it is highly realistic and the artist has drawn it with great interest.

Tuition Funding and Assistance for Post Secondary Education in Ontario

Tuition Funding and Assistance for Post Secondary Education in Ontario Introduction Education has become a basic human right in Canada and the rest of the world (Watts 18). Secondary level education is not enough for a student to be well established in their life. Post-secondary education is very expensive and therefore many parents and guardians find it difficult to pay for their children’s college and university education (Watts 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tuition Funding and Assistance for Post Secondary Education in Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The situation is worse for the less fortunate in the society with many of them being forced to drop out of college due to lack of tuition fees (Watts 18). This paper will highlight the efforts being made by the Canadian government in funding tuition for post-secondary education in Ontario. Level of Government Intervention The government of Ontario through the Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP) has been instr umental in funding college and university education in Ontario (Watts 117). The Ministry of Training in coordination with colleges and universities is responsible for fair administration of the OSAP program (Watts 117). The OSAP program is supposed to help needy students who are unable to pay for their post-secondary education (Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives 15). The government representatives vet all the applicants to ensure that only eligible students in Ontario receive this kind of assistance (Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives 19). The OSAP program is meant to supplement the payment of post-secondary education and not to necessarily pay for everything (Watts 117). There is some amount of money that a student is supposed to contribute towards their post-secondary education. The Central government facilitates the funding program through federal and provincial governments to ensure equal distribution of the post-secondary fund (Watts 117). Delivery Agents of Tuition F unding Apart from the Ontario Students Assistance Program, the government also channels funds through the Canada Students Loans Program (Mackenzie 48). The loans program is normally administered by the Federal government in coordination with the Department of Human Resources and Social Development (Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives 33). The loans program provides loans to students in Ontario where assistance is needed. The loans program assists students in universities, colleges and vocational schools. The student loans granted by the Government are normally interest free for a maximum of seven years (Mackenzie 49).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A small percentage of interest is charged on the loan after seven years in order to encourage students to pay up their loans after graduating from college (Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives 33). The loans kitty is funde d by the government with the loans body also relying on proceeds from loan repayment (Mackenzie 49). Interested candidates are required to fill out the reimbursement form. The Ontario First Generation Bursary is another agency used by the government to support needy students in Ontario (Mackenzie 75). The funds for this scheme are provided by the government, and the program only supports students in public post-secondary institutions. Students studying applied arts and technology are given priority when funds from this bursary scheme are being distributed. To ensure that this arrangement is adhered to, only public colleges and universities that specialize in applied arts and technology are considered (Watt 115). The First Generation Bursary scheme supports needy students who are the first ones to pursue post-secondary education from their families (Mackenzie 76). The other form of funding post-secondary education is through the Ontario Crown Ward Post Secondary Application Fee Reimb ursement Program (Beach 222). This program was set up to help former and current Ontario Crown Wards pay for their post-secondary application fees (Mackenzie 78). The program caters for application fees for full-time studies for eligible candidates. The Ontario Crown Ward Post-secondary Application Fee Reimbursement Program supports post-secondary degree, diploma and certificate programs (Mackenzie 79). Funding Arrangements The OSAP financial aid consists of a range of programs that include non-repayable grants and student loans that are refundable (Beach 59). The 30 % Off Ontario Tuition scheme helps high school graduates pay for their college and university programs within a period of four years after graduating from high school (Beach 64).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tuition Funding and Assistance for Post Secondary Education in Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The OSAP Express initiative was develope d by the government to streamline the application process of post-secondary education funding (Beach 64). The OSAP Express eligible candidates apply and receive education grants in the shortest time possible (Beach 64). Gathering of Funds The Government of Canada in coordination with the Federal government of Ontario rely mostly on tax proceeds to fund education programs (Beach 79). Apart from proceeds gathered from tax collection, the private sector and other well-wishers make a significant contribution to the national education kitty (Beach 68). Apart from government loans, private banking institutions offer post-secondary education loans for those who are willing to borrow. Students who fail to meet the criteria of getting government loans have an option of applying for loans from private financing institutions (Beach 79). Conclusion Funding post-secondary education is a great challenge for any government especially if there are no programs to support needy students (Canadian Cen tre for Policy Alternatives 76). The Federal government of Ontario in coordination with the Central government of Canada has come up with funding programs that have helped many needy students access college education (Beach 89). The government still needs to do a lot to ensure that all students who deserve to attain college education are able to access government funds and loans (Beach 89). Due to the ever increasing number of high school graduates, the private sector should come in handy to support the government in assisting high school graduates pay for their college education. Beach, Charles. A challenge of Higher Education in Ontario. Ontario: John Deusstch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy, Queen’s University, 2005. Print. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Ontario’s Alternative Budget 2005: Addressing the real Physical Imbalance. Ontario: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mackenzie, Hugh. Funding Post-Secondary Education in Ontario: Beyond the Path of Least Resistance. Ontario: The Ontario Coalition for Post-Secondary Education, 2004. Watts, Ronald. Post –Secondary Education: Preparation for the World of Work: Proceeding of†¦ Ontario: IRPP, 1990. Print.

Common sense in Salem Essay Example

Common sense in Salem Essay Example Common sense in Salem Essay Common sense in Salem Essay Witchcraft is ipso facto, on its face and by its nature, an invisible crime is it not? Therefore who may possibly be witness to it? The witch and the victim. In Arthur Millars The Crucible logic and superstition are manipulated and entwined in a re-enactment of the Salem witch trials in America in the 1690s. The governing system of Salem is a theocracy; the religious heads of the society make decisions and have power. Because the bible states that witches exist, when accusations of witchcraft start theyre taken as being reasonable before considering the circumstances surrounding them, thus superstition overcomes reason. Millar makes vivid the triumph of superstition by the symbolism of light in settings; light being symbolic of reason or goodliness and darkness being of evil or superstitions, His use of characterization of two key characters Proctor and Rebecca Nurse who are convicted and by the use of plot development, and also of reverend Hales conflicting views throughout the play. Millar makes vivid the triumph of superstition over common sense by the use of imagery and the symbolism of light in the settings in The Crucible. In the first description of the reverends house, where Betty fakes her illness, there is a symbolic image of light; there is a narrow window at the left. Through its leaded panes the morning sunlight streams. This depicts a small window letting cracks of light into the room. The significance of the light entering being sunlight is important as the sun is often associated with gods, especially in the culture of American Indians who believe that the sun is their god. The sun comes from high above, like heaven, which is significant as the small cracks represent the small amount of heaven and therefore reasoning that is filtering through the room. Danforth later declares we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world Danforth is directly referring to darkness as being a symbol that is disguising goodness (In the form of light). The triumph of superstition is shown by the irony of what he says because it is clear to the reader that Salems way of life is cloudier of common sense than it ever has been. The words of the supposedly highest intellectual ; who has been entrusted by the community of Salem with the right to end the lives of John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and many others shows no reason or analysis and his decisions are based solely on superstitious accusations. It is clear here that his sense of logic and reason couldnt be more wrong, Millars presentation of this makes vivid the triumph of superstition over evil. In the last few lines of The Crucible Elizabeth has accepted Proctors death as a condemnation of the church and has lost her husband for her cause, the common sense each of these Characters possesses is one that overcomes superstition. The goodness reflected in Elizabeth is shown in the last scene as the stage directions state that the new sun is pouring upon her face it underlines the goodness within her as heaven shines onto her. Elizabeths actions are deemed good so the actions of society are deemed bad. Thus the triumph of superstition over reason in the town is made vivid. Millar Makes vivid the triumph of superstition over reason by the characterization of Rebecca Nurse, a key characters in the Crucible. At The exposition of the play, when Reverend Hale meets Rebecca Nurse he states that we have heard of your great charities as far as Beverly this shows that Rebecca has a great deal of respect as a devout Christian woman not only in Salem but also abroad. There is a class system in Salem based on the Christian standing of the individual, Rebecca nurse therefore was in the highest class and had the highest level of respect in the town. It took little persuasion for the townspeople to believe that someone who was in a low class, and whose morals were questionable, was in fact a witch. To convict a low class citizen is a triumph of superstition over reason but not a great one. However when the highest members of standing in the town are convicted of witchcraft it is really made vivid to the reader that the members of the community which accept and condone the sentencing have let superstition overcome their reason and common sense Rebecca Nurse is no Bridget that lived three year with Bishop before she married him. Thus Millar depicts the triumph of superstition over common sense by the progression of how higher class members will be accepted as being guilty in the court. The triumph is made vivid by the conviction of Rebecca Nurse; the epitome of good in Salem, because her life has been completely pure no logic could declare her a witch therefore superstition has completely triumphed. Millar also characterizes John Proctor who is also very upper-class, he is spoken of by Cheever: I know this man all my life, it is a good man, sir this stands as a character reference and shows his good standing. John is later convicted of witchcraft for defending his wife; an action the reader would deem as being honorable. He is sentenced to hang when he will not confess to witchcraft, yet it is common knowledge that John Proctor is no Isaac Ward that drank his family to ruin John Proctor is a respectable man who is an unlikely candidate for witchcraft. After the sentencing of his wife, John states that God is dead the Judges take this as being heretical, yet if they examined it with reason they would see that he means that God is not being fairly represented in the court, their blindness to see fairly shows their lack of common sense, this combined with their tendency to believing superstitious accusations which are not factual, show the triumph of superstition over common sense in Salem, it is made vivid by the progression in which they will un-hesitantly condemn a person of such high standing in the community to death .